Interactions Between Plant Proteins and Gut Microbiota as Determinants of Intestinal Health

Plant proteins are an important component of the human diet and play a key role in shaping the composition and activity of the intestinal microbiota. Increasing evidence shows that interactions between plant-derived protein fractions and intestinal microorganisms have a significant impact on intestinal barrier function, immune response, and host metabolism. Undigested residues of proteins and peptides may constitute a substrate for intestinal bacteria, leading to the formation of metabolites with beneficial or harmful effects. On the one hand, fermentation products can support intestinal homeostasis through the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids or modulation of inflammatory responses; on the other hand, some compounds resulting from bacterial proteolysis may disturb the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. This article presents the current state of knowledge regarding the characteristics of plant-based proteins, their impact on the intestinal microbiota, and the importance of these interactions for intestinal health.