Ultra‐Fast Infiltration Behavior of Vacuum Freeze‐Dried Apples
Porous materials display ultra-fast liquid infiltration arising from the interplay of multi-scale structures, yet how these hierarchies regulate liquid dynamics and mechanics remain poorly understood. Here, vacuum freeze-dried (VFD) apples are employed as a bioinspired model to elucidate the structure-infiltration coupling that gives rise to their characteristic "dual-crispness" texture (a rapid transition from roasted crunchiness to juicy crispness during oral rehydration). In vitro saliva rehydration assays reveal that the ultra-fast infiltration behavior of VFD apples drives this rapid transformation. Unlike conventional hot air-dried apples, which undergo structural collapse and yield a monotonous texture, VFD apples feature a synergistic multi-scale structures-macroporous networks, microcellular cracks, and molecularly exposed hydrophilic groups-that collectively reduce flow resistance, accelerate intercellular infiltration, and enhance saliva capture. This hierarchical coordination rapidly restores cell turgor pressure before swallowing, giving rise to the distinctive "dual-crispness" sensation. By linking multi-scale structure to infiltration kinetics, this study establishes generalizable design principles for rapid-rehydration foods and hydration-responsive functional materials.
Authors
- Yabin Feng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-8960)
- Kui Suo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-1975)
- Zhenfeng Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-8893)
- Liyu Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-8544)
- Cunshan Zhou
- Ziyu Pan
- Baoguo Xu
Institutions
- Jiangsu University (CN)
- Zhejiang Wanli University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Small
- Published
- 2026-02-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513555
- Primary Topic
- Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00