Spatial–Spectral Fusion 3D Signal Compensation for Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Hyperspectral Images in Low-Signal Lunar Polar Regions

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) from the lunar polar regions are frequently compromised by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under adverse illumination, limiting their utility for scientific analysis. Existing spectral-only compensation approaches operate without spatial context, leading to speckle-like artifacts that degrade spatial consistency and constrain subsequent applications. To address this limitation, we propose SSF-3DSC, a spatial–spectral fusion 3D signal-compensation framework tailored for lunar HSIs to simultaneously restore spectral fidelity and spatial consistency under extreme low-illumination conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first deep learning framework specifically engineered for joint spatial–spectral restoration in the photon-starved regime. SSF-3DSC integrates three specialized components: a spectral compensation module (SCM) for restoring spectral fidelity, a multi-scale spatial attention (MSA) module for capturing hierarchical spatial patterns, and a cascaded 3D residual convolutional module (C3D-RCM) for refining spatial–spectral representations. Trained on paired low- and high-SNR Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data cubes from the lunar south polar region, SSF-3DSC employs synergistic spatial–spectral fusion to achieve high-fidelity reconstruction, significantly outperforming a spectral-only lunar baseline (Paired-CycleGAN). Regional-scale experiments demonstrate its ability to recover both spatially coherent geological structures and spectrally reliable mineral abundance maps. By establishing a new benchmark for lunar HSI restoration under low-illumination conditions, this work enhances the scientific utility of low-signal M3 data and enables robust quantitative investigations into the Moon’s challenging polar regions.