Effects of probiotic supplementation on immune and inflammatory markers in athletes: an umbrella review and re-analysis of published meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials

These robust results demonstrate that probiotic supplementation modulates exercise-induced immune disturbances in athletes by attenuating pro-inflammatory responses and enhancing mucosal immunity. These findings support its role as a strategic nutritional approach for immune protection. Future research should emphasize strain-specific efficacy and optimal dosing to enable personalized recommendations for athletes.