Vessel Pooling as a Compliance Strategy in the European Shipping Energy Transition

The European Union’s energy transition framework presents significant challenges for the maritime sector, requiring technical, organizational, and market-based compliance measures. The FuelEU Maritime Regulation (FuelEU) introduces flexible mechanisms such as banking, borrowing, and pooling that broaden compliance options for shipowners. This study examines the role of pooling in European shipping, focusing on its operational models, enabling conditions, and economic implications. Pool formation demands extensive information exchange and effective coordination, creating a need for specialized intermediaries and supporting the emergence of a market in which pooling prices are shaped by supply and demand. The research employs a qualitative methodology combining stakeholder and exploratory market analysis, assessment of regulatory and market drivers, case studies, and comparative analysis, complemented by expert interviews and a targeted survey. The findings highlight pooling as a pivotal compliance instrument, particularly as a fallback option during the reporting period, and show that it currently represents the most cost-efficient means of achieving FuelEU compliance. Intermediary service providers, especially digital platforms, play a central role by facilitating coordination, improving transparency, and reducing compliance costs. The study further identifies key factors influencing shipowners’ costs and revenues in pools, emphasizing the critical importance of alternative fuel availability and prices.