Barriers and drivers of energy source adoption in rural lesotho: insights from community perspectives

This study explores the barriers and drivers influencing energy source adoption in rural Lesotho, focusing on the villages of Machaping and Mohlanapeng. Employing Rational Choice Theory and Collective Action Theory, it examines how economic constraints, health risks, environmental concerns and infrastructural limitations shape energy preferences. In Machaping, where electricity is scarce, people mostly depend on traditional energy sources like cow dung, paraffin, and firewood. These fuels are affordable and easy to find. While there’s a strong wish for cleaner energy options, they are often out of reach, which means the community continues to rely on these harmful and unsustainable fuels. This reliance on traditional energy sources heightens health risks and contributes to environmental issues such as deforestation and soil erosion. In contrast, Mohlanapeng, which has been electrified since 2016, showcases the notable advantages of being connected to the grid, including improved cooking methods, better lighting, and enhanced safety. However, high electricity prices, a lack of funds for appliances, and frequent power outages force many residents to rely on traditional fuels as a supplement. This dual dependence highlights the ongoing challenges of achieving a complete energy transition, even in areas that are electrified. This research emphasises the need for specific policy actions, inclusive community involvement, and the development of sustainable infrastructure to overcome these hurdles and ensure equitable access to cleaner energy. This study offers practical insights to facilitate effective energy transitions and enhance livelihoods in Lesotho by providing a comprehensive view of rural energy dynamics.