Modal particles as test case for multi-layer approaches to commitment and assertion

Abstract This article discusses the controversial classification of “modal particles” (MPs) in German linguistics, debating whether they are truly “modal” or primarily contribute to illocutionary force. It explores particles like wohl and ja to show that both have to be regarded as modal egophorics. The analysis builds on Frege’s hierarchy of propositional operations, arguing that MPs function as judgment specifiers rather than direct contributors to epistemic stance. The article also discusses existing multi-layered models of commitment, going back to Frege. Despite their frequent lack of consideration for the intersubjective nature of epistemic judgments, Fregean approaches help describe the fine structure behind epistemic commitment. It is showed that MPs intervene as specifiers of what Frege and Krifka call a judgment. Throughout the paper, particular attention is paid to retroactions between the various layers of assertion, which can give rise to the impression that MPs are located higher than their actual place in the functional hierarchy. It is claimed that these effects are due to pragmatic implications inhibiting the felicity conditions of some theoretically possible combinations.