Modeling and Analysis of External Cavity Raman Lasers Generating Hermite–Gaussian Modes

An analytical model has been formulated to describe the generation of Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes within Raman lasers through manipulation of the Stokes field’s optical axis deflection angle and its spatial offset relative to the pump field. This model predicts the dependence of HG modes’ oscillation on the angular deviation and off-axis distance between the optical axes of the pump and Stokes fields. Furthermore, an optical system has been engineered specifically for the generation of HG modes in a continuous-wave external cavity diamond Raman laser configuration. Experimental validation demonstrates strong concordance with theoretical predictions.