Macroalgal Peptides with Predicted α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity: Preparation and Molecular Docking

This study investigated the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of enzymatic/alkaline treatments from <i>Palmaria palmata</i> using different proteases and pairwise combinations thereof. Treatments prepared with Alcalase^®, Flavourzyme^®, and Formea^® Prime, alone or in combination, were evaluated for dose-dependent inhibitory activity. Alcalase^®-derived treatments exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibition, achieving an IC₅₀ of 2.48 mg·mL^-1, outperforming other treatments and combinations. Membrane fractionation of the Alcalase^®-derived treatment into >5 kDa, 3-5 kDa, 1-3 kDa, and <1 kDa fractions revealed a size-dependent trend, with the <1 kDa fraction showing the strongest inhibition (IC₅₀ of 1.94 mg·mL^-1). Three peptides, RADIPFRRA, DGIAEAWLG, and FWSQIFGVAF, from the <1 kDa fraction were identified as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors using the BIOPEP-UWM database and were further selected based on a Peptide Ranker score above 0.6 for in silico docking analyses. Docking revealed distinct binding modes: RADIPFRRA and DGIAEAWLG occupied the catalytic cleft, interacting with key residues (Asp518, Asp616, Trp481, Trp613) consistent with competitive inhibition, whereas FWSQIFGVAF bound to a peripheral site, suggesting potential allosteric modulation. Physicochemical analysis further highlighted differences in charge and isoelectric point correlating with their binding behavior. Together, these findings demonstrate that low-molecular-weight peptides derived from <i>P. palmata</i> proteins, particularly those generated by Alcalase^®, possess significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and provide structural insights for the rational design of peptide-based modulators of carbohydrate metabolism.