The influence of team ethical leadership on ethical climate, moral efficacy, and multilevel vigilante behavior: the moderating role of organizational monitoring intensity

These findings indicate that ethical leadership functions as an important source of agency that encourages employees and teams to uphold norms, particularly when formal monitoring is weak. Practically, organizations may strengthen ethical order by prioritizing ethical leadership as a substitute for surveillance. The study advances vigilantism research by clarifying cross-level mechanisms and identifying monitoring intensity as a critical boundary condition.