Intelligent learning systems in primary and secondary education: a systematic review (2014–2024)

Introduction ILS are AI-enhanced educational technologies increasingly implemented in K-12 education. Methods We analyzed 72 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus and WoS (2014–2024) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using systematic evidence synthesis and thematic analysis. Results Eighty-nine percentage of overall positive outcomes; ITS dominate (46%); regional and disciplinary variations identified. Discussion/conclusion Critical effectiveness factors identified; gaps in CT development and non-STEM research noted; longitudinal research needed.