The Bichromatic Triangle Coloring Polynomial of Some 2-Trees
The bichromatic triangle polynomial PG(k) counts vertex k-colorings in which every triangle uses exactly two colors. We develop a transfer matrix framework for three canonical families of 2-trees: book graphs Bn, 1-fans Fn1, and triangulated ladders TLm. In each case, PG(k) satisfies a second-order linear recurrence with an explicit closed form; for TLm this yields a Chebyshev representation, while for Fn1 the binary specialization gives PFn1(2)=2Fn+1. A spectral identity α2=r+ links the dominant characteristic roots of the fan and ladder recurrences, implying identical exponential growth rates when indexed by vertex count, whereas book graphs grow strictly faster for k≥4. In fact, this correspondence is exact: for all k≥2, the triangulated ladder polynomial coincides with that of a suitably indexed 1-fan. Passing to line graphs, we interpret PL(Kn)(k) as counting edge colorings of Kn that forbid both monochromatic and rainbow triangles, and we identify a sharp obstruction threshold at n≥6.
Authors
- Vitaly Voloshin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-5976)
- Julian Allagan
- Gabrielle Morgan
Institutions
- Troy University (US)
- Elizabeth City State University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Axioms
- Published
- 2026-02-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15030162
- Primary Topic
- Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- U.S. Department of Education