Global Burden of Encephalitis from 1990 to 2021, Its Attributable Risk Factors, and Projections to 2045

The decline in encephalitis ASRs reached an inflection point during 2012-2015, potentially driven by epidemiological shifts such as emerging infectious or autoimmune etiologies. The concentration of burden in low-medium SDI regions suggests a link to tropical distributions and healthcare disparities. Targeted interventions, including promoting vaccination, enhancing prenatal care, and creating smoke-free environments, are essential to mitigate the future burden of encephalitis.