Integrated bioelectronics for diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic oncology

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, marked by complexity, heterogeneity, and resistance to conventional therapies. The evolving field of bioelectronics, an interdisciplinary domain at the interface of biology and electronics, offers promising innovations in cancer diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and prognosis. Recent advances include the development of wearable and implantable devices, microfluidic chips, and bio-hybrid technologies, such as biobots and lab-on-a-chip platforms. These tools support non-invasive diagnostics, personalized treatment strategies, and continuous patient monitoring with improved sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, bioelectronic systems enhance drug delivery and immunotherapy by leveraging electric fields, nanoparticles, and programmable electronic interfaces. Integration with artificial intelligence and tissue engineering further augments their potential. While significant progress has been made, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term stability, and clinical scalability remain. Nonetheless, bioelectronics represents a transformative frontier in oncology, offering a futuristic pathway toward smarter, more adaptive, and patient-centric cancer care. This review examines how bioelectronic devices, particularly biosensors, integrate biological recognition elements with electronic systems to enable the real-time detection of cancer biomarkers, facilitating early and precise intervention. • This review explores the convergence of biology and electronics that can enable real-time, non-invasive, and highly specific avenues for the management of cancer. • The manuscript presents emerging biosensor technologies including VLS lab-on-chip systems, nanomaterial-based, and wearable biosensors for detection and monitoring of cancer. • This paper discusses challenges (e.g., biocompatibility, biofouling) and future directions, such as AI-assisted bioelectronic systems and soft bioelectronics, paving the way for next-generation cancer diagnostics and bionic therapeutics.