Reliability and Validity of an Abbreviated Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire in Student Pharmacists

An adjusted 4-point Likert scale is suggested for the extrinsic goal orientation, elaboration, organization, test anxiety, and cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies domains. Items at the same difficulty levels for the elaboration, extrinsic goal orientation, peer learning, self-efficacy, organization, cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies, and test anxiety domains should be considered for removal, and more difficult items are needed to bridge content gaps for all 9 domains to match the ability levels of student pharmacists.