Combined middle meningeal artery embolisation and subdural evacuation port system drainage for chronic subdural haematoma: a systematic review, single-arm meta-analysis, meta-regression, and cost-benefit analysis

Combined MMAE-SEPS is a mechanistically rational, minimally invasive strategy that achieves favorable functional outcomes and low morbidity in carefully selected, high-risk cSDH patients. However, current evidence does not support routine use over burr-hole evacuation. MMAE-SEPS should be considered selectively, pending prospective comparative and cost-effectiveness studies.