Surveying the potential of flexible and high-specific-power photovoltaic assemblies and arrays for space applications

Flexible and lightweight solar arrays are crucial for advancing space missions by offering high specific power, compact stowage, and reliable deployment in various space environments. This review explores the development of flexible photovoltaic technologies, examining the evolution of solar cells, modules, and arrays, with a focus on their application in planetary science missions and orbital services. It details the fabrication of high-specific-power arrays, including commercial products and emerging technologies, and discusses the challenges in designing lightweight architectures and interconnections. The review also assesses the photovoltaic performance of these arrays in orbital and interplanetary missions, highlighting the trade-offs in power delivery and radiation hardness. The findings emphasize the role of flexible solar arrays in enabling scalable, power-efficient systems for upcoming missions, including lunar habitats and the exploration of Mars and Venus. This work underscores the importance of flexible and deployable photovoltaic technologies in shaping the future of space exploration and services, supporting next-generation space systems.