A comparative empirical study of relative embedding alignment in neural dynamical system forecasters

We study representation alignment in neural forecasters using anchor-based, geometry-agnostic \textbackslash emph\textbraceleft relative embeddings\textbraceright{} that remove rotational and scaling ambiguities, enabling robust cross-seed and cross-architecture comparisons. Across diverse periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic systems and a range of forecasters (MLPs, RNNs, Transformers, Neural ODE/Koopman, ESNs), we find consistent family-level patterns: MLPs align with MLPs, RNNs align strongly, Transformers align least with others, and ESNs show reduced alignment on several chaotic systems. Alignment generally tracks forecasting accuracy---higher similarity predicts lower multi-step MSE---yet strong performance can occur with weaker alignment (notably for Transformers). Relative embeddings thus provide a practical, reproducible basis for comparing learned dynamics.