Material Characterization of Ethanolic Preparation of Nux vomica: Structural and Functional Analysis from Mother Tincture to 200cH

Homeopathic medicines from plant sources such as <i>Nux vomica</i> face skepticism due to presumed absence of original material in high potencies (30cH, 200cH) whose dilution exceeds Avogadro's number. Whilst nanoparticles exist in metal-derived preparations, physicochemical characterization of plant-based remedies remains limited.This study aimed to analyze <i>Nux vomica</i> potencies (Q to 200cH) to determine nanoparticle presence, stability and retained molecular signatures.We characterized <i>Nux vomica</i> potencies using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for particle size distribution, electrophoretic light scattering for zeta potential, UV-vis spectroscopy for electronic absorbance profiles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for functional group analysis. Measurements were compared with ethanol control.DLS revealed bimodal particle distribution in nanometer (140-697 nm) and micrometer (0.8-2.5 µm) ranges across potencies, indicating complex colloidal structures. Zeta potential confirmed stable, negatively charged suspensions, with a negative charge spike at 60cH (-16.85 mV), suggesting stable nanoaggregates. UV-vis spectroscopy showed peaks at 261 nm (strychnine) and 331 nm (brucine), with a broad band between 920 and 1,025 nm. A hypsochromic shift occurred with increasing potencies. Higher potencies showed shifts toward shorter wavelengths, changes in peak intensities, and altered absorption patterns, suggesting solvent-related structural modulation. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands for OH, C-H, N-H, C = O, C-N and C-O stretching vibrations, representing sample constituents.This study provides evidence that high-potency <i>Nux vomica</i> preparations contain stable nanostructures and retain molecular signatures of source material. The non-linear changes in particle size, surface charge and molecular architecture suggest that succussion induces dynamic cyclical transformations in the colloidal system.