Time Curvature Revealed by a Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution

This paper extends the nonlinear time-curvature framework introduced in Nguyen (2026), demonstrating that a single geometric reparameterization of cosmic time—fully allowed by general relativity’s diffeomorphism invariance—resolves five major cosmological tensions without modifying the FLRW metric or introducing dark energy. By distinguishing observer clock-time from the universe’s true evolution parameter and applying the minimal mapping τₑ = t^α, the model reproduces the supernova Hubble diagram, matches the SH0ES Hubble constant, alleviates the JWST early-galaxy crisis, expands the cosmic age to ~20 Gyr, smooths the cosmic coincidence parameter, and naturally suppresses structure growth toward DES/KiDS lensing values. Using datasets including Pantheon+, SH0ES, MoM-z14, Planck, and stellar chronometers, the analysis shows that the empirically preferred “Golden Alpha” value α ≈ 2.23 provides a unified and observationally consistent alternative to ΛCDM’s linear-time interpretation, reframing cosmic acceleration not as exotic energy but as a manifestation of temporal geometry.