From vouchers to infrastructure: Rethinking policy for repair in the circular economy

In response to mounting concerns over the environmental impacts of premature device replacement, several European countries have introduced repair voucher schemes to incentivize consumer repairs and extend product lifespans. While much attention has been paid to making products more repairable and encouraging consumer uptake, the everyday realities of those who provide repair services have been largely overlooked. This study shifts the focus to the repair providers— both commercial and non-profit—who are essential to a functional repair economy. Drawing on the Systems of Provision framework and empirical data from surveys and focus groups, we explore how repair subsidies influence repair practices, business viability, and broader repair culture. Our findings show that voucher schemes can boost demand and foster a societal shift toward maintenance and longevity. However, their short-term funding models and limited systemic scope constrain long-term improvements in the sector. We argue that to unlock the full potential of repair within a circular economy, policy must not only lower costs for consumers but also address the structural imbalances—economic, institutional, and infrastructural—that favour replacement over repair. This study contributes to debates on sustainable consumption by re-centring the role of repair infrastructures and outlining policy strategies for building a more durable repair ecosystem. Highlights • Vouchers increased consumer demand but had limited impact on long-term investment in repair businesses. • Community repair sites saw limited benefits from the voucher schemes. • Vouchers improved consumer awareness and willingness to repair. • Even with discounts, high costs and product design issues make repair less appealing. • Structural barriers persist, e.g., shortage of skilled repair technicians.