Analysis of Caste and Class Dynamics in Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy

Abstract Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy (1993) presents a panoramic vision of post-independence India, wherein caste and class operate as overlapping systems that simultaneously constrain and facilitate social mobility, individual agency, and political participation. This study examines how Seth's narrative techniques—particularly his deployment of Gérard Genette's focalization theory—construct and critique the persistence of caste hierarchies and class stratification in 1950s India. Through systematic analysis of internal, zero, and external focalization across the novel's interwoven family narratives, this research demonstrates that Seth's narrative architecture itself constitutes a form of social critique. By shifting perspectives among characters of varying caste and class positions, Seth exposes the lived experience of discrimination, the complicity of state institutions in maintaining inequality, and the partial, contested nature of democratic reform. The study reveals that while Seth portrays class mobility as possible through education and professional achievement, caste remains the dominant framework regulating marriage, political representation, and social legitimacy. Furthermore, the narrative's strategic withholding of focalization from Dalit characters reflects—and critically comments upon—the structural silencing of subaltern voices in both literature and society. This research contributes to postcolonial narratology by demonstrating how formal literary analysis illuminates the ideological operations of caste and class in Indian English fiction.