Optimization of Cellulose Acetate with Acetylation from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) using Respon Surface Methodology (RSM)

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) are a kind of biomass waste from the palm oil industry with a cellulose content of 45.95%. Cellulose can be modified into cellulose acetate through an acetylation process, resulting in a product that has the potential to be applied in various industrial fields. The study utilised Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as an optimisation technique by examining multiple process parameters to assess the impact of acetate anhydride ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction duration on the yield and degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate produced from empty palm fruit bunches. This approach enables a systematic assessment of the impact and interplay between various process factors. The research variables used include the ratio of acetic anhydride to cellulose (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1), reaction temperature (30, 60, and 90°C), and reaction time (20–100 minutes). The research methods included the TKKS isolation process, the production of cellulose acetate through acetylation, and characterization based on yield and degree of substitution values. Experimental conditions determined through response surface methodology were met at a 6:1 acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio, a 60°C reaction temperature, and a 100-minute reaction duration. These conditions yielded a 96%, a degree of substitution (DS) of 1.1, and a desirability value of 0.975. Therefore, the optimization of this acetylation process demonstrates the potential of TKKS as a raw material for the production of value-added cellulose acetate that supports the development of environmentally friendly materials.