SPP1+ neutrophil and exhausted CD8⁺ T cells infiltration predicting the early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after R0 resection

This study shows that the infiltration of SPP1⁺ neutrophils and exhausted CD8⁺ T cells is associated with a high risk of early recurrence in HCC. SPP1⁺ neutrophils may serve as key mediator of immune suppression through spatial interactions with exhausted CD8⁺ T cells, suggesting that they could be potential therapeutic targets to mitigate early recurrence in HCC.