Learning history as a method to increase reflexivity in urban transition processes

Urban sustainability transitions require collective action through the co-creation of transformative processes by diverse urban stakeholders. While the role of learning in these transitions is widely acknowledged, systematic approaches to enhance learning have rarely been applied in real-world settings. In this article, we apply and test a learning approach, namely the learning history in the urban transition context to track and induce learning within and across cities. Collective reflection lies at the core of this approach, captured in a shared narrative that includes multiple perspectives on innovation journeys and experimentation. Our main research question is how learning history can be modified and adapted to the context of urban transition management to improve learning within a city and across cities. We applied the method in three Swedish cities working toward climate neutrality by 2030. The method helped uncover distinct transition phases, recurring challenges, and navigation strategies. It also revealed divergent interpretations of roles and responsibilities, sometimes producing friction and conflicting narratives. Repeated interviews traced evolving perceptions, fostering higher-order learning through continuous reflection. Our qualitative analysis identified emotionally charged “mythical imperatives” that shaped key decisions. Learning history supported both inward-looking reflections—illuminating patterns in team dynamics and learning—and outward-facing insights relevant to other cities and scholars. Reflexive workshops replaced conventional validation techniques, enabling collective reflection and flattening internal hierarchies. Findings suggest that a tailored learning history approach can enhance systemic learning, deepen reflexivity, and offer practical value for urban sustainability efforts. It provides a promising pathway to strengthen shared understanding, address tensions, and support cities navigating complex sustainability transitions.