Electrochemical Exfoliation and Laser Processing Bring Minerals to Advanced Electronic Applications

While 2D materials possess exceptional properties, their practical use remains limited by a critical gap: the lack of scalable manufacturing methods to bridge laboratory synthesis and industrial production. Here, we propose a “mineral-to-device” workflow that combines electrochemical exfoliation (ECE) and laser processing to create robust, flexible, and implantable electronics directly from natural minerals. We call this the “Ink and Pen” concept: it starts with a green, scalable ECE process to yield high-quality, diazonium-functionalized graphene inks (“The Ink”) and uses laser processing (“The Pen”) as a maskless tool to pattern and integrate these materials onto polymers and ceramic-coated titanium. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, we fabricated mechanically robust circuits, multimodal sensors, and biocompatible electronics for medical implants that function reliably under physiological conditions. This technology offers a sustainable pathway for using diverse 2D minerals, paving the way for next-generation smart systems ranging from healthcare wearables to the Internet of Everything.