The long-term impact of early HbA1c control on nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: Findings from a large UK observational study

The risk of retinopathy and neuropathy was lowest in individuals with HbA1c levels within the non-diabetic range <48.0 mmol/mol (<6.5%) and increased progressively with higher HbA1c levels. In contrast, the lowest risk of nephropathy was observed in individuals with HbA1c levels between 48.0 and 57.9 mmol/mol (6.5-7.5%). These findings underscore the importance of a personalized approach to diabetes management that considers multiple risk factors and incorporates novel therapeutic strategies beyond glucose control.