Surface modification and functionalization of biogenic apatite via direct and silane-assisted vinylimidazole polymerization: Comparative evaluation of structural and surface properties

In this study, waste products such as fish bones (H) known as biocompatible natural apatite sources were performed to develop sustainable, recycled and environmentally friendly materials. The study investigated the polymerization of 1-vinylimidazole (VIM) monomer on direct and silane-assisted waste fish bone particle surfaces. In the first method (HP 5 ), direct polymerization of VIM was performed on the fish bone particles. In the second method (HS 3 P 5 ), the apatite surface was firstly silanized with 3-(Methacryloyloxy)propyl-trimethoxy silane (MPS) and then polymerized with VIM. Elemental analysis results showed that the number of monomers bound to the surface was calculated as 302 µmol/g for HP5 and 714 µmol/g for HS3P5, using nitrogen as the indicator element for VIM. Zeta potential shifted from −20.40 to −35.91 mV and conductivity from 3.03 × 10 −2 to 7.67 × 10 −2 S/cm. This study proposes an eco-friendly and sustainable material design by reusing biological waste and employing non-toxic, biocompatible polymers.