Dyadic similarity in individual differences: a meta-analysis of surface- and deep-level similarity, and work outcomes

This meta-analysis provides evidence for the association between deep-level and surface-level similarity and work outcomes. We performed a random-effects analysis for the 76 reports and 82 independent samples identified through a systematic search. We found significant large effect sizes between satisfaction with mentor (r = .548), emotional exhaustion (r = − .505), and deep-level similarity. We found significant medium to large effect sizes in the relationships between LMX (r = .461) and deep-level similarity. We also found significant medium effect sizes in the relationships between CWB (r = − .335), job performance (r = .315), job satisfaction (r = .365) and deep-level similarity. Significant small to medium effect sizes were found between work engagement (r = .256) and deep-level similarity, as well as between CWB (r = .357) and surface-level similarity. Finally, we found non-significant associations between OCB and deep-level similarity, as well as between job performance, job satisfaction, LMX, OCB, organizational commitment and surface-level similarity. Theoretical and practical implications of between-person differences in relation to feedback reaction are discussed.