Managed re-alignment: a multifaceted approach in ecological restoration of coastal floodplains

Low-lying coasts in Europe share a long history of land reclamation enabled by flood defences, which radically transformed natural coastal processes and buffers. Traditional coastal adaptation, by raising dykes, is increasingly challenged due to environmental and sustainability issues in light of wetland loss and the climate crisis. Managed re-alignment (MR) departs from “hold the line” coastal defence approaches by encouraging the planned removal or relocation of coastal defence lines and the incorporation of softer, nature-based flood protection. MR implies substantial changes in landscape and land use and has significant local socio-environmental implications. Despite complex conceptual, technical, ecological, political and social challenges, this approach has received increased attention in northwest Europe as a key method towards the ecological restoration of coastal floodplains. In this article, we review: (1) how MR terminology varies according to disciplinary focus, public perception and regional preferences; (2) how emerging hybrid flood defence approaches contribute to restore foreshore environments; (3) how to engage local communities in co-designing MR projects while appropriately acknowledging, valuing and compensating impacts at community level. Finally, we draw lessons learnt from past experience and highlight critical questions at scientific, political and management levels. Managed re-alignment (MR) has been applied in Europe since the 1960s for coastal restoration. Restored areas nevertheless are far from compensating historical wetland losses. Hybrid designs foster a shift towards nature-based coastal adaptation and protection systems. MR supports rethinking spatial planning and advancing integrated coastal zone management. Local engagement is crucial for effective MR planning and better chances of successful outcomes.