A clinically actionable nomogram integrating HbA1c, renal function, and blood pressure for early prediction of diabetic macular edema in working-age patients with type 2 diabetes

This nomogram effectively integrates HbA1c, renal function, and hemodynamic parameters to identify key factors associated with diabetic macular edema (DME) risk in working-age patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), demonstrating high accuracy. By utilizing routine clinical measures, it facilitates implementation in primary care settings, offering the potential to reduce vision loss through timely referrals. Future multicenter studies are warranted to verify its generalizability and explore its integration with emerging biomarkers.