An insight into comparative sex based proteomic profiling of Hilsa Tenualosa ilisha towards domestication and aquaculture

This study investigates the serum proteome dynamics of male Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), a species of immense ecological and economic value, to support its conservation, aquaculture, and long-term sustainability. Using advanced LC-MS/MS-based proteomic techniques, we identified proteins across six weight groups, with the highest number (817) found in 201-300g individuals. Interestingly, protein counts did not follow a linear trend with body weight; the 401-500g group had the lowest number (84), suggesting complex physiological transitions during development. The proteome data were submitted to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via PRIDE. Bioinformatic analysis revealed proteins associated with key immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms and enriched KEGG pathways, including Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, phagosome, FoxO signaling, Apelin signaling, and herpes simplex virus interaction. Several immune and inflammation-related proteins showed age- and sex-dependent expression patterns. Comparative analysis of male and female Hilsa at various developmental stages revealed commonly expressed proteins like Alpha Macroglobulin, Fibulin, MEF2C, and complement proteins. Male-dominant expression was observed for MADS-box, anaphylatoxin, and cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase. These findings provide critical insights into sex-specific proteomic adaptations and immune function during freshwater migration and offer a valuable foundation for future Hilsa, domestication, and aquaculture.