Assessing ecosystem services across scales to support nature-based solutions in river floodplains: a review of non-monetary tools

Floodplains are dynamic ecosystems that provide a multitude of ecosystem services (ES), yet they have historically been managed primarily for a limited set of human benefits, often at the expense of biodiversity and multi-functionality. This review synthesises current knowledge in ES and the multi-functionality of floodplains. It further highlights the potential of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to restore and enhance floodplain multi-functionality and ES through ecologically sound and socially inclusive approaches. Focusing on non-monetary ES assessment tools, such as the RESI and IDES frameworks, the study synthesises lessons from three European case studies (Danube River Basin, River Nebel in Germany and Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit in Serbia). These case studies demonstrate the application of ES indices at basin, regional and local scales for prioritisation, restoration evaluation and stakeholder-informed decision-making. We further discuss trade-offs and synergies amongst ES and highlight participatory approaches that integrate stakeholder perspectives in NbS design and implementation. This review underscores the importance of multi-scale assessments in implementing sustainable floodplain management strategies and supports decision-makers in applying NbS for resilient landscapes that balance ecological, social and economic benefits. Highlights Floodplain restorations are Nature-based solutions enhancing many ecosystem services; Non-monetary assessments of ES allow for consistent evaluation of multi-functionality across scales; Case studies reveal trade-offs between regulating and provisioning ES, emphasising the need for integrated floodplain management; Integration of stakeholders into Nature-based solution planning will increase their acceptance and maximise the benefit for nature and society; ES mapping and multi-functionality metrics at multiple scales offer strategic tools for implementing EU biodiversity and climate strategies, including the 2024 Nature Restoration Law.