Structural analysis and sustainable solution for Spanish Baroque domes

Structural analysis and a sustainable solution for Baroque domes was explored by focusing on the Hermitage of Calvary (La Ermita del Calvario in Canet Lo Roig, Spain), an eighteenth century architectural heritage structure in Spain. Integrating architectural history, structural mechanics and contemporary engineering, a novel circular tensegrity dome system is proposed, rooted in semi-regular tension-integral units. Through singular value decomposition and equilibrium matrix theory, the geometric design, self-stress modes and mechanical displacement behaviours of semi-regular structures were analysed and optimised. A sunflower-shaped cable dome was incorporated within a circular ring system to form a fully tensioned and self-balanced dome, achieving both aesthetic elegance and structural efficiency. Numerical simulation and non-linear static analysis confirmed the stability, minimal displacement and high stiffness under load, demonstrating engineering feasibility. The proposed framework enhances the understanding of Baroque dome mechanics and offers a sustainable structural solution for restoring and modernising historical architecture while preserving cultural identity.