Defining the learning curve for thulium Laser en bloc resection of bladder tumors: a single-surgeon retrospective cohort study

For a surgeon experienced in conventional TURBT, preliminary evidence from this study suggests that proficiency in TL-ERBT, defined primarily by operative efficiency, may be achievable after approximately 32 procedures, with significant improvements in operative efficiency and technical success; while patient safety was not compromised. These findings provide a practical quantitative benchmark for surgical training and clinical implementation.