Comparative efficacy of urea, bleomycin, and polidocanol for infantile hemangioma: a retrospective cohort study with ultrasound correlation ultrasound characteristics of infantile hemangioma

Bleomycin is the most effective and stable sclerotherapy for IHs, particularly for rapid response. Urea may suit long-term management, while polidocanol requires cautious use. The reduction in blood flow grade, as assessed by ultrasound, is a significant predictor of better therapeutic outcomes. These findings suggest that monitoring blood flow grade through ultrasound could serve as a valuable tool for clinicians to evaluate the efficacy of sclerotherapy in real-time. As a retrospective study, these findings should be interpreted with consideration of potential selection bias. Further prospective studies are needed to validate results and optimize protocols. The study design is retrospective, which introduces potential biases such as selection bias and confounding variables. The conclusions drawn from this study should be interpreted with caution due to these limitations. Future research should include prospective, randomized controlled trials to validate the findings and minimize biases.