Comparative Study of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Lecture-Based Learning (LBL) Approaches in Balancing Redox Equations in Senior High School

This study investigated the comparative effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Lecture-Based Learning (LBL) in the teaching of redox reactions to Senior High School students in Ghana. The central objective was to examine which of the two pedagogical approaches yields better achievement outcomes, as measured by students’ mean scores in knowledge, comprehension, and application of redox concepts. The study was designed to provide evidence for determining which method is more suitable and effective for enhancing learning in chemistry classrooms, particularly for abstract and challenging concepts such as redox reactions. A pure experimental design was adopted, involving 36 Senior High School chemistry students who were randomly assigned to two groups: the PBL group (experimental) and the LBL group (control). Both groups were assessed through a series of pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and delayed post-tests. These assessments were carefully structured to capture three levels of learning outcomes: knowledge recall, conceptual comprehension, and application of redox principles. The use of the t-test helped establish the level of equivalence between the groups and to determine the statistical significance of observed differences in performance. While both groups demonstrated similar prior knowledge, students taught through PBL consistently achieved higher performance across knowledge, comprehension, and application of redox principles in both immediate and delayed assessments. These results indicate that PBL promotes deeper understanding and longer-lasting learning compared to the traditional lecture approach. These findings provide robust evidence that PBL enhances not only short-term learning gains but also long-term retention of redox concepts. By engaging students in problem-solving activities and encouraging active participation, PBL allows learners to develop a more meaningful understanding of abstract chemical processes compared to the traditional lecture approach, which often emphasizes rote memorization. Educationally, the findings highlight the value of learner-centered strategies in improving students’ mastery of abstract chemistry concepts. By actively engaging students in problem-solving and critical thinking, PBL supports meaningful learning rather than rote memorization. The study therefore underscores the need for chemistry teachers and curriculum developers to adopt PBL approaches to enhance conceptual understanding, retention, and problem-solving skills at the Senior High School level.