Real-World Impact and Educational Effectiveness of an AI-Powered Medical History-Taking System: Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

Building upon previous technical validation, this study contributes real-world effectiveness evidence by evaluating AMTES as a voluntary extracurricular supplement within an authentic, high-baseline curriculum. Unlike previous work focusing on technical feasibility or short-term controlled trials, voluntary extracurricular AMTES use was associated with modest yet meaningful improvements in summative history-taking performance. Exploratory analyses indicated that the added value of more intensive engagement may be moderated by baseline academic ability. These findings support the scalability of artificial intelligence-enabled supplementary training and inform precision-oriented instructional design.