A diagnostic dilemma in pediatric proptosis—from suspected malignancy to benign orbital cavernous venous malformation: a case report

Cavernous venous malformation is rare in children and usually progresses slowly. Acute enlargement from intralesional hemorrhage can mimic malignant or infectious disease. In pediatric orbital masses, careful clinical assessment, targeted imaging, and histopathological confirmation remain essential. Early multidisciplinary intervention is key to preserving vision when rapid progression threatens the eye.