Outcomes, interventions and timing in permanent lingual nerve injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis and workflow proposal

LNI is a complication of oral and maxillofacial surgery, with molar extraction representing the leading etiology. Permanent neurosensory deficits may occur, but microsurgical repair provides favorable outcomes, especially within the first year. Standardized outcome reporting is recommended to guide surgical decisions and improve patient care. A schematic management guideline is proposed based on current evidence.