Prevalence and Multivariate Impact of Musculoskeletal Disorders on General Health, Occupational Fatigue, and Productivity in an Industrial Workforce

There is a clear dose-response relationship between the number of painful anatomical sites and declines in health, increases in fatigue, and reductions in productivity among copper-industry workers. To address this multifaceted impact, interventions should integrate ergonomic workstation design, task rotation, optimized break schedules, and comprehensive health-promotion services targeting both physical and psychosocial risk factors.