Flexible Practice Theory (FPT): A Predictive Mid-Range Model of Adaptive Consumption

Sociological models of consumption behavior have long relied on traditional practice theories, such as Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of 'habitus,' which primarily emphasize long-term behavioral stability. However, these classical frameworks are largely constrained in explaining the rapid fluidity and context-dependent behaviors of modern everyday life. To address this theoretical void in cultural and environmental sociology, this paper proposes 'Flexible Practice Theory' (FPT). It is a globally applicable, mid-range theoretical framework that redefines human consumption behavior as a dynamic, real-time negotiation process between internal dispositions and external pressures. The core foundation of FPT is a mathematical model: P= {(H X V) +I}/Cs which indicates how an observable practice (P) is fundamentally generated from the interaction of habitus (H), personal values (V), and identity needs (I), and how this entire process is regulated or constrained by contextual stress (Cs). Based on fluctuating environmental conditions, this theory hypothesizes three distinct consumer decision-making strategies: Survival, Show-off, and Loyal modes. Although FPT has broad theoretical applicability in the sociology of consumption and behavioral studies, the current paper primarily presents a methodological roadmap for its empirical validation. Specifically, an upcoming research design focusing on the food consumption practices of youth in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is proposed here. In this proposed testing ground—where a stark paradox exists between high environmental concern and high-waste dietary habits—the FPT model aims to identify the structural determinants behind the attitude-behavior gap. Ultimately, by providing a quantifiable and context-dependent model that bridges structure and agency, FPT presents researchers with new testable hypotheses for future studies on sustainable consumption and public policy.