A comparison between separately calibrated <i>P</i> -α and mesoscale models for weak shock compaction of granular sugar

This study compares calibration strategies for predicting particle velocity in granular sugar subjected to weak shock loading, using measurements from flyer-plate impact experiments as a benchmark. Two computational approaches are evaluated: a continuum-based P−α Menikoff-Kober model requiring calibration of effective constitutive parameters and mesoscale simulations that explicitly resolve grain geometry and porosity. Both models can match the measured particle–velocity histories, but only through fundamentally different calibration mechanisms. In the P−α model, a pressure-dependent yield strength is essential, and the response remains highly sensitive to choices of parameters such as the crush-out pressure. In contrast, mesoscale simulations are far less sensitive to parameter tuning and instead depend primarily on the physical state variable of porosity, represented in 2D through an equivalent mapping of the 3D specimen. These results show that continuum parameters act as effective surrogates for underlying grain-scale processes, whereas mesoscale modeling identifies porosity as the dominant control on macroscopic wave onset, highlighting distinct calibration pathways and interpretive implications for each modeling approach.