Spatiotemporal interaction and attribution analysis of ecosystem health and human activities in the Daxing’anling forest–grassland Ecotone, China

The findings reveal clear spatial trade-offs and nonlinear threshold effects governing the coupled evolution of ecosystem health and human activities in the Daxing'anling ecotone. The proposed framework provides a scientific basis for coordinated optimization of ecological protection and regional development through process analysis, threshold identification, and zoning-based regulation.