Clinical and research applications of synthetic bone substitutes in equine veterinary medicine: A systematic review

In equine medicine, hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate were the leading alloplastics applied. When applied alone, they demonstrated osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, while the addition of biologically active additives-especially autologous bone marrow-enhanced these biological properties toward osteogenic and chondrogenic effects. Treatment outcomes were generally favourable, although segmental bone defect treatment requires considering the limitations associated with weight-bearing effects. These findings suggest alloplastics in horses may be particularly beneficial for treating certain bone diseases.