Eco-friendly synthesis of high-performance MoO3 nanorods using mango leaf extract for advanced energy storage applications

Using a green synthesis route based on Mangifera indica (mango) leaf extract, this study successfully produced molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanorods. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic α-MoO3 phase with a crystallite size of 15.30 nm. FTIR analysis verified the presence of Mo–O and Mo = O bonding vibrations, while SEM revealed uniformly distributed nanorods with well-defined morphology. The dielectric constant measured at 25°C was approximately 9, with a low temperature coefficient of permittivity (− 89 ppm/°C) over the frequency range 20 Hz–1 MHz, indicating thermal stability suitable for LTCC applications. The material exhibited strong UV absorption with a pronounced peak at 213 nm, high visible transmittance approaching 60%, and an optical bandgap of 4.72 eV, confirming its potential for UV-protective coatings, transparent electronics, and optoelectronic devices. Overall, the green-synthesized MoO₃ nanorods demonstrate a sustainable production method with promising structural, dielectric, and optical performance for advanced energy storage and electronic applications.