Small animal review

Recent feline cardiology studies emphasise advances in diagnostic assessment despite ongoing challenges. Tissue Doppler echocardiography confirms frequent systolic and diastolic dysfunction in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, although prognostic value remains limited by small study sizes. A 9-lead electrocardiogram system improves evaluation of atrial and ventricular depolarisation without age-related effects. Reference ranges for aortic root size in healthy cats indicate that body weight and age should be considered when interpreting echocardiographic measurements.