Comparison of poplar and maple for bowed string instrument construction: Textural and acoustic suitability

The acoustic and physical properties of the materials used in string instrument making are among the primary factors that directly determine the sound quality of the instrument. This study aims to examine the suitability of poplar wood, alongside the traditionally preferred maple, for viola making. The research is particularly significant in determining whether poplar wood, due to its soft texture, can produce sound characteristics similar to the warm timbre associated with Baroque period string instruments. The study is experimental in nature and includes biological, anatomical, and acoustic comparisons. Two violas were constructed—one from maple and one from poplar. The cellular structures of the woods were examined using an electron microscope. Acoustic measurements within the frequency range of 0–600 Hz were conducted using a laboratory setup. A signal generator, loudspeaker, high-sensitivity microphone, and oscilloscope were used to record the frequency responses of both the wood samples and the completed instruments. The findings revealed that maple, due to its higher density, performs better in sound transmission, whereas poplar produces a softer and warmer timbre that supports an alto character. Expert evaluations also indicate that the poplar viola aligns more closely with Baroque sound aesthetics, while the maple viola reflects tonal characteristics of the Classical period. Consequently, the study demonstrates that poplar wood may serve as an alternative material for viola making when appropriate measurements and construction techniques are applied.