Peri-dyeing: Laser dye fixation for efficient textile colouration and design

Conventional textile dyeing remains one of the most resource-intensive stages of garment production, characterised by high water and energy use and the generation of chemically contaminated effluent. This study explores an alternative approach to conventional dyeing through the development and evaluation of a laser dyeing process termed peri-dyeing , a digitally driven, non-contact colouration technique in which dye fixation was initiated by targeted laser irradiation directly at the fibre surface. Optimisation of laser parameters and dye application methods enabled controlled surface colouration of wool fabrics. Colour measurements, SEM imaging, and tensile strength analysis confirmed that high dye fixation efficiencies (82–96%) were achieved without compromising fibre integrity. Standardised testing demonstrated strong wash and rub colour fastness, indicating technical performance compatible with commercial textile applications. Design sampling validated the technique's ability to produce fine linear detail, smooth tonal gradients, and multicolour imagery on both flat and textured substrates. The peri-dyeing process demonstrates the technical feasibility of a digitally controlled approach to textile colouration that avoids immersion dye baths and enables targeted dye application. The results indicate potential for reduced resource use and increased production flexibility. The paper highlights opportunities for integration into direct-to-garment and on-demand manufacturing contexts, supporting the development of more efficient and adaptable textile colouration workflows. Graphical Abstract - Peri-dyeing: Laser dye fixation for efficient textile colouration and design. • A digitally driven laser dyeing process for textile colouration and design. • Enables precise dye–fibre interaction and fixation through targeted laser irradiation. • Offers resource-aware, localised colouration, strong fastness and fibre integrity. • Achieves high design precision, flexibility, repeatability, and process efficiency. • Supports non-contact, digitally controlled surface design for on-demand production.