The AWAKEN wind farm benchmark – Part 1: Observed conditions

Abstract. Wind turbine wakes significantly reduce downstream performance, yet accurately modeling their sensitivity to atmospheric stability and terrain remains a challenge. To address this, the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme Task 57 launched a new wind farm wake benchmark leveraging high-resolution observations from the American WAKE experimeNt (AWAKEN). This paper, Part 1 of a two-part series, details the observational dataset and the selection of 24 August 2023 as the case study for the benchmark. This date was selected for its canonical diurnal cycle, which features a low-level jet with strong nocturnal stratification and high turbulence during the daytime. Analysis of the observational data reveals that despite the relatively simple terrain, interactions between the low-level jet and topography drove significant spatial variability in wind flow, leading to turbine power differences of up to 80 % across the considered wind farm. This paper characterizes these observed conditions to provide a rigorous foundation for the modeling performance evaluation presented in the companion Part 2 paper.